What are Terpenes: Understanding Nature’s Aromatic Powerhouses

When you open up a jar of cannabis, the first thing that often hits you is the aroma—a  bouquet of earthy, citrusy, piney, or even floral notes. This distinctive aroma is due to  terpenes, an integral but often overlooked component of cannabis. Beyond their contribution to the taste and aromas of a bud, terpenes are speculated to play a significant role in the plant's effects, making them a hot topic among cannabis enthusiasts, cultivators, and researchers alike. 

Let’s delve into what terpenes are, their role in cannabis, and why they matter for your  overall experience. 

So, what are they?  

In scientific terms, terpenes are “any of a class of hydrocarbons occurring widely in plants and animals and empirically regarded as built up from isoprene, a hydrocarbon consisting of five carbon atoms attached to eight hydrogen atoms (C5H8)”. In simpler terms, terpenes are aromatic compounds found in plants (and some animals! We’re looking at you sponges), including but not limited to cannabis. These molecules are responsible for the unique smells, flavours and sometimes even colour associated with different sorts of plant life. Think of the tangy citrus zest of a lemon, the piney freshness of a forest, or the bright orange colour of carrots —terpenes are behind it all!

In cannabis, terpenes are produced in the same trichome glands as cannabinoids like  THC and CBD (those beautiful crystal structures that dot a nice bud!). While cannabinoids often steal the spotlight, terpenes significantly  influence the character of a strain. 

Trichomes up close and personal on our Clementine bud.

Common Cannabis Terpenes and Their Effects  

1. Myrcene: the most commonly found terpene in cannabis

Aroma: Earthy, musky, and slightly fruity. 

Effects: Known for its relaxing properties, myrcene is often found in  indica strains. It’s thought to contribute to the "couch-lock" effect. ◦ Also Found In: Mango, thyme, and lemongrass. 

2. Limonene 

Aroma: Citrus, like lemons and oranges. 

Effects: Uplifting and mood-enhancing, limonene is common in sativa  strains. 

Also Found In: Citrus fruits and peppermint. 

3. Pinene

Aroma: Fresh pine and earthy notes. 

Effects: Known for promoting alertness, pinene may counteract some of the sedative effects of THC. 

Also Found In: Pine needles and basil. 

4. Linalool 

Aroma: Floral, reminiscent of lavender. 

Effects: Calming and stress-relieving, linalool is great for a bit of calm. Also Found In: Lavender and coriander. 

5. Caryophyllene 

Aroma: Spicy and peppery. 

Effects: Unique among terpenes for its ability to interact directly with the  body’s endocannabinoid system, it may provide anti-inflammatory  benefits. 

Also Found In: Black pepper and cloves. 

The Entourage Effect  

One of the most exciting aspects of terpenes is their possible ability to work synergistically with cannabinoids—a phenomenon known as the entourage effect. This theory suggests that the therapeutic and psychoactive effects of cannabis are not solely determined by THC or CBD content but also by the terpene profile. For example, a strain with high THC and myrcene might feel more relaxing, while one with THC and limonene could be energizing. This may be why two strains with similar THC levels can have vastly different effects. 

It’s important to note that the entourage effect truly is still a theory. It has been popularized amongst consumers and within the industry as an explanation for the varying effects of strains with otherwise comparable cannabinoid profiles. Ethan B. Russo even published a compelling article in the British Journal of Pharmacology in 2011, which suggests that the entourage effect may in fact be very real. However, there has at present never been a double blind clinical trial conducted to conclusively prove or disprove this theory. While scientists have been studying the effects of cannabis (particularly its medicinal usages) there has not yet been hard proof discovered which validates the existence of the entourage effect and it remains a very compelling theory rife with anecdotal evidence.

The Future of Terpenes in Cannabis 

As cannabis research advances, terpenes are gaining recognition for their therapeutic  potential. Scientists are exploring how these compounds could enhance treatments for  pain, anxiety, inflammation, and more. 

For now, at the very least, you can be assured that the terpene profile will have a significant impact on the flavours and aromas of your next bud. Next time you’re choosing a strain, take a moment to consider the terpene profile. It just might transform your cannabis experience from ordinary to extraordinary. 

Happy exploring! �